Facts About Organic Chemistry

Pertaining to the study of carbon compounds which are covalent in their molecular bonding with another element, Organic chemistry is one of the most important subparts of chemistry, and is considered to be a part of high school education expecting most educated people to have knowledge in the subject. The purview of Organic chemistry involves the reaction and behavior between various covalent carbon compounds and how their presence in common substances affects the usage methods, techniques and scope. Another area of study is the structure of organic compounds at the molecular level and inventions, tests and discoveries based on the synthesis of various organic substances.
The study of Organic chemistry by school students may be found complicated, especially with the nomenclature and various reactions that converge to a certain, may be minor characteristic of the organic substances being studied. It is an important advice that you should never skip a chapter or lesson and proceed to another. Understanding Organic chemistry requires your base to be extra strong especially due to the busy involvement the nomenclature and uniquely different behavior of different organic substances.
While learning the lessons an important tip is to use notes. Set your goals and maintain the schedule. Avoiding this can lead to a laborious session of picking up where you had left the last time.

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The World of Polymer Chemistry

Many of you have heard or learned about Polymer in school. In layman's term, it is known to many as "Plastics", just like what my mother would call these group of substances.
Polymers are an important class of covalent molecular compounds in which the molecules are very big (macromolecules) and are made up of a large number of small repeating units or molecules linked together.
There may be several thousand repeating units in a polymer molecule. These small units from which polymers are made are called Monomers.
The properties of polymers, which depend largely on the size of their molecules, are quite different from the properties of their monomers.
However in recent years advances in science have enabled scientists to produce a wide range of man-made polymers.
Polymers can be man-made (synthetic) or natural.
Examples of Natural Polymers are:
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats
Examples of Synthetic Polymers are:
1. Polyethene (PE)
2. Polychloroethene or generally known as Polyvinylchloride (PVC) - shown in the image (PVC water pipes)
3. Polypropene (PP)
4. Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE)
5. Terylene (a polyester)
6. Nylon (a polyamide)
Polymers are getting more and more usage and applications in our everyday lives these days. It is seen to be used in common items used in homes as well as sophisticated items used in engineering industries, replacing Metals to a very large extent.
Polymers have the following desirable properties that make them so commonly used these days:
1. Light (Low Density as compared to Metals)
2. Does not corrode (Most metals corrode after sometime)
3. Equally strong (some engineering polymers as compared to metals)
4. Easy to mould and shape (their melting point is lower than metals)
5. More new polymer products can be made by blending different polymers together
6. Non-brittle (additives can be added to polymer so that they are not so brittle as compared to ceramics)
We shall see more polymer products that are once made by metals, ceramics and wood in our everyday lives.

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Banks Just Don't Get It

Recently, I railed about agents charging potential buyers for the costs of a "special" negotiation team in securing the debt forgiveness. This was over and above the traditional commission being earned and I felt very strongly that buyers were being gouged. Later this week, I will have another tirade on how banks are abusing the very people they need, in order to extricate themselves from a mess, largely of their own making.

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Meanwhile, I continue to be disappointed by the demands made of buyers by the banks themselves. Many have taken to requiring a potential buyer to qualify with a "preferred" lender. You don't have to use them, of course, but you are requested to at least pre-qualify. I saw one this week that required a buyer to fill out an attached form. Among the required information was not only your social security number, but also your mother's maiden name. All this to be faxed (how very secure) to "Joe's House-Painting, Pet-Sitting and Mortgaging Emporium". In the identity theft capital of the world, as Phoenix most certainly is, this is surely a recipe for disaster. This was not even a recognized bank, although that would hardly improve the situation, but a rinky dink mortgage broker that I had never ever heard of. I would add, that I have so far not allowed a client of mine to be blackmailed in such a fashion, and I have yet to lose a deal because of it. Essentially, today's buyer is not being treated with any respect, despite being an extremely valuable commodity and the only way out of this current quagmire.
Banks are sending a very clear message. Even though you have been through the trouble of getting yourself pre-approved, they do not care. They are telling you that they do not trust their "colleagues" in the lending industry. Yet, even while they are telegraphing their mistrust, they are insisting that you place all your trust, and financial information, in them. They are arrogant beyond belief and I suggest that we, as an industry, ride them as hard as possible until they learn better manners.
More to come, stay tuned!

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Organic Chemistry to Medical Schools

Often I am asked how much a medical school admissions officer will emphasize a student's grades in organic chemistry when assessing a candidate for admission. In 2006, almost 40,000 students applied to medical school, of which less than 45% were accepted. The average applying student had a GPA of almost 3.5 and MCAT score of 27.6, while the average matriculating student had a GPA of 3.64 and an MCAT score of 30.4. Thus, it is obviously a very competitive endeavor. First, it must be acknowledged that the grade itself that one receives in organic chemistry will be duly noted be the admissions official and that an "A" will impress the most. In addition, the student's organic chemistry laboratory grade will also weigh in the admissions process. These grades are not just a part of your GPA, but are also a larger part of the "science GPA", which is also closely scrutinized by med schools.

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Yet, organic chemistry could play a much greater role in medical acceptance than just a letter grade or part of a GPA. The oft-forgotten role that organic chemistry plays in medical school admissions is in the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). The MCAT is separated into four sections (Physical Science, Verbal Reasoning, Writing Sample, and Biological Science) and has a perfect score of 45. While organic chemistry falls under the physical science section, what is not definitive is the amount of organic chemistry that the will comprise the section. The actual composition of the physical science section varies from exam to exam and could possibly be concentrated in organic chemistry. Should a student encounter a section heavy in organic chemistry, that student's grade in the course is going to be far less important than the effect it will have on the MCAT score. Thus, knowledge of organic chemistry is more essential to medical school admissions than just obtaining a good grade.
Studies have conclusively shown that students who have a better grasp on organic chemistry going into the MCAT are more likely to score higher on the exam and get into to medical school. We have found that the most efficient way to obtain that grasp is through comprehensive review courses. One of those is offered by a company called AceOrganicChem, which can be found at Organic Chemistry.
In conclusion, it has been shown that while the actual letter grad in organic chemistry is important, it is more important to understand the subject so as to score well on the MCAT.
For more information on organic chemistry and the MCAT, or to get organic chemistry help and tutoring, I strongly recommend visiting Organic Chemistry.

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Nursing Degree Requirements

First of all, there are several degrees that you can attempt to achieve in the field of nursing. Since I am going for a BSN, I will focus mainly on the degree requirements at my school. Most bachelor degrees require about four years of school work; however, this is mainly based upon the average work loads that students take. If you decide to take more classes per semester, and in the summer, then it would be possible to get there faster. The main requirements at my college are to have the core requirements complete before entering the nursing program. I will focus mainly upon the math and science courses rather than the electives.
The core math requirements were pre-algebra or math modeling and then statistics or calculus. It only took two math courses to complete that section of the list. If you plan on going back to college to earn your nursing degree, then you may not have to retake some of these classes. I had to take two chemistry classes - each with a lab - and then two anatomy classes - each with a lab - and then one microbiology class. Note that the anatomy and chemistry classes were the more complicated courses out of the bunch. I also had to take a pharmacology class and a pre-nursing seminar.
After I completed all of those core requirements, I was ready to take the TEAS. The TEAS stands for testing of essential academic skills. The TEAS was simply a score that they factored into the judgment process for the nursing program. The requirements for getting into the nursing school are judged with three different scores. The SAT, GPA, and TEAS are factored into the score at my school.
There is not base requirement for getting into my nursing cohort, but they simply take the highest fifty scores. Note that these are the requirements for my college and that other colleges may differ. There are also many other online nursing schools that offer degrees that you may want to consider if you do not have the time to go to the actual classes.

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Organic Chemistry Help

It is a ton of work for only one credit." I am not going to lie to anyone about this; yes, it is a lot of work for that minuscule credit that (frankly) few people are going to care about. I have been told, however, that medical schools DO care about o-chem lab. So if you are one of those aspiring students who hopes one day to be abused as a resident at a busy hospital working 100 hour work weeks but not having quite as much fun as those crazy kids on the hit TV show "Scrubs", you care about organic chemistry lab.

Now here is the way to an easier time in organic chemistry lab:
1) Pre-lab preparation:
Go to my favorite site http://www.chemfinder.com and print out information on every chemical you are going to use and bring it to lab with you that day. It will be a great resource to refer to when you need it and will keep you from saying to your already cranky TA, whose English is iffy at best: "Does this look right?"

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2) Post-lab write up:
The biggest mistakes here are bad calculations and spending too much time writing things that your TA is never going to read. When calculating things like % yield/recovery of your product, remember that you CAN have a yield over 100%. This is usually due to impurity in your final product and is most likely that you did not remove all of the solvent sued, which makes your product heavier. The key is to be concise, and make sure that the process of your calculations is correct.
While this quickie blog post is NOT going to turn that guy who is a lab disaster into a Nobel prize winner, they are the most commonly made mistakes. Keep it all in mind next time you head into the great unknown which is o-chem lab.

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Nursing Degrees

To become a nurse, all states require that an individual must have a nursing degree from an approved educational institution and pass a licensing exam before being able to work as a nurse. Every state has its own particular requirements as well, and these may vary significantly, so a check of state regulations is necessary when planning an education in nursing.
Prospective nursing students may enhance their chances of being accepted into accredited nursing schools if they take subjects like algebra, biology, chemistry, and physics in high school.
There are several kinds of nursing degrees. In addition to the Registered Nurse (RN) degree, there are the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) or Licensed Vocations Nurse (LVN) degree, and the Associates Degree in Nursing (ADN).
LPNs/LVNs usually get their degrees by training for one year at a hospital, graduating from a vocational-technical school, or by taking classes through a community college program. ADN programs train nurses for specific sets of clinical practice, while the course work covers both technical areas and nursing theory. Many ADNs ultimately return to school to get a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) or other advanced degree.

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The BSN requires four years at a traditional college or university]. It covers broad clinical practice areas, nursing theory, human development, psychology, chemistry, biology, and nutritional science. Nurses with BSNs may go on to obtain Master's degrees or various specialty certifications, including Nurse Practitioner (NP) and Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS).
Prospective students may also enroll in diploma programs, which are essentially work-study options still offered by a few hospitals in the United States. Many LPNs eventually become RNs via tuition-reimbursement programs offered by many hospitals. And there are accelerated RN degree programs available to prospective students who already have a Bachelor's degree in areas other than nursing.
In addition to course work, students must also participate in supervised clinical experience programs. Such programs are usually completed in hospital departments, nursing care facilities, or ambulatory clinics. All RNs and LPNs must pass licensing examinations. These licensing exams -- the NCLEX-RN or NCLEX-PN -
To become a nurse, many nurses also enter the profession by starting out as a Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) which requires a short stint in schools and passing of a state regulated exam. Then, while working as a CNA, they can pursue a variety of nursing degrees.

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Organic Chemistry Section

How to Score Well in the Organic Chemistry Section
The "Reasoning in Biological and Physical Sciences" section contains questions on Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Equal weightage is given to Biology and Chemistry as each of them comprise of 40% of GAMSAT Section III. Questions on Physical Sciences comprise of only 20% of this section. Thus, to get the qualifying marks in GAMSAT, aspirants not only have to answer the chemistry questions, but also have to answer them correctly.

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Organic chemistry, contrary to belief, is nothing to be scared of. If an aspirant studies the concepts carefully and applies them analytically to answer the questions, then nothing can prevent him from getting a good score in GAMSAT Chemistry section. The GAMSAT chemistry section consists of about 50% organic chemistry questions. So scoring well in this section will ensure qualifying marks in GAMSAT Section III.
But how much do you need to study to cross the GAMSAT hurdle? Well, as per the requirements of GAMSAT chemistry questions, you will need to have first year university level knowledge. The trick to score well in GAMSAT is that you may not study each and everything, but you should study intelligently. Now, what is intelligent studying? Intelligent study includes selection of most probable topics and practising them rigorously. Any kind of mugging of topics and books is useless in the case of GAMSAT, so simply avoid it.
A thorough knowledge of the following chapters is required to attempt the GAMSAT chemistry questions:
1. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds - You will have to be thorough with this chapter and have a clear understanding of the concepts involved in this chapter. You should be able to name all the simple organic compounds like the hydrocarbons, halogen derivatives, compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur and the aromatic compounds. You just need to know the basic and the simple organic compounds. For example, you should know the structure of ethyl amine, butanone or p-chloroaniline. You must be comfortable with nomenclature because it is an important component of all the GAMSAT chemistry questions based on Organic Chemistry. 2. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry and Reaction Mechanism - You need to know all about the basic concepts. You should have a detailed knowledge on the topics like electrophiles and nucleophiles, inductive effect, mesomeric effect and resonance effect. This chapter is integral to your understanding of all the other topics under Organic Chemistry.
3. Isomerism of Organic Compounds - Get a hang of the different the types of isomerism. Understand the spatial relationship well. 4. Hydrocarbons - Learn about alkane, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. All the information about their general properties and important chemical reactions must be at your finger tips. Give stress on the important physical properties of the hydrocarbons and the reactions of alkenes.
The GAMSAT Chemistry questions are nothing to be scared of. It's just that you have to practise a lot to get a hang of the basic concepts. Just relax and choose your questions carefully. Know your concepts, practice well, use your common sense and apply your knowledge on the final day.

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Forensic Science Careers

Medical examiner is one such field. He requires a medical degree therefore; a residency should be selected that provides a forensic emphasis. A chemistry or biology degree at the undergraduate level is a good majoring option. If at FSU, one takes the crime detection and investigation course as undergraduate electives, one would not have an opportunity for this course at medical school. The forensic odontologist has similar educational requirements as the medical examiner except in dentistry wherein, they generally are dentists who practice as consultants rather than as full-time forensic scientists.

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Crime Laboratory Analyst - The microanalysis section provides the most variety but currently it is being phased out or scaled down in most crime laboratories. The crime laboratory usually requires a bachelor's degree in a natural science for any of the specialties, though the best degree overall is chemistry. If one is interested in DNA testing, then biology with genetics and biochemistry is required. If one is interested in trace evidence examination, good electives for the chemistry degree include optical mineralogy, microbiology, botany and textile courses. Occasionally, evidence at the crime scene is encountered that requires other specialties, such as entomology, anthropology, zoology and botany. These areas may be adequate to obtain employment but do not generally fetch work exclusively in the specialty as not even a large laboratory receives enough evidence in those areas to fill an individual's time. One combination that would probably get one a job in a crime lab would be a major that contained sufficient background to do both forensic archeology and DNA on the samples recovered.
A forensic engineer has to deal with traffic accidents, fire investigations, and a variety of wrongful injury cases. One can earn that pay by the degree you obtain. A forensic engineer requires an engineering degree, with the usual specialties such as electrical engineering, mechanical, civil, materials engineering and traffic engineering. The crime scene examiner should have a bachelor's degree either in a natural science with emphasis in law enforcement and crime scene processing or a criminal justice degree with emphasis in natural science. Currently, some state agencies have such a requirement and most agencies soon will. Forensic archeology would be an excellent preparation. Another smart approach is to combine crime scene investigation and psychology for the job now known as psychological profiling. The psychologist, social scientist and statistician generally, are in the same academic setting and apply their respective specialties to an investigation or trial on a part-time basis.
Psychological profilers are however, becoming more involved with investigations on a full-time basis. Technical analysts usually are attached with an investigative unit and generally work in a laboratory-like environment but respond similarly to crime scene personnel. If one is interested in psychological profiling, there are agencies hiring who actually want an investigator/crime scene analyst/psychologist. Although the academic part could be accomplished with a major in psychology and a minor in criminology, it would be better accomplished with a psychology undergraduate degree and a criminology master's with electives in psychology. Electives at the undergraduate level should include crime scene processing and crime detection and investigation course as these are not available at the graduate level. The criminology emphasis should ideally be in law enforcement and forensic science.

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Cosmetic Chemistry

So, you want to be a cosmetics chemist? You want to join the cosmetic chemistry industry and formulate skincare, haircare, toiletries, body, bath and beauty products? Not if your main aim in wanting to be a cosmetic chemist is to start your own cosmetics business and join this multi-billion dollar industry.
The most common myth in the cosmetic chemistry industry is that you need an expensive university education to start a business in the field of cosmetics manufacture.

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This is the advice offered on one cosmetic chemistry related website: "Get a science degree. Unless you have a relative who started the company, you will need a college degree in science since most cosmetic firms require it. Preferred ones include degrees in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering.
"Consider getting an advanced degree. True, a 4-year college degree is all you need, but you can improve your chances of breaking into cosmetics by getting an advanced degree."
In truth, you do not need a relative who started the company or an advanced degree to break into the cosmetic manufacturing industry.
It's true that if you want to make cosmetic formulations from scratch, without any previous experience making cosmetics or access to recipes and manufacturing procedures, and you want to work for a big international cosmetics company, you will need formal cosmetic chemistry qualifications.
But if your main aim is to start your own cosmetics business (and make much more money than any cosmetic manufacturing company will ever pay you), you don't need to step foot in any academic establishment, spend a minimum of three or four years studying, or spend tens of thousands of dollars in tuition fees.
Making cosmetics for retail sale is extremely lucrative. A $50 retail skincare product usually costs between 10 cents and $3 to make.
If you purchase professionally formulated recipes, and you can follow a basic cooking recipe, you can manufacture your own range of skincare, haircare, mineral makeup, etc. If you then decide you want to become more involved, once you've had a little practice and gain confidence you will easily be able to adapt these cosmetic chemistry formulations to create your own unique formulas - without the need for any degrees in cosmetic chemistry.
Cosmetic chemistry formulations include:
Shampoos and Conditioners for different hair types
Hairstyling Products -- gels, sprays
Makeup -- foundations, mineral formulas, lip colors, eyeliner, mascara, nail polish
Skincare -- cleansers, toners, moisturizers, acne preparations, anti-aging preparations
Sunscreens -- UV protection and self-tanning lotions
Baby Care Products -- shampoo, baby bath and lotion
Men's Products -- shaving foam, aftershave
Hand Care -- hand cleansers, hand scrub, moisturizing creams
Body and Bath Products -- body butters and creams, shower gel, bath bombs
Toiletries -- handwashes, deodorants
There are literally hundreds of different products that a cosmetic chemist can make. From this, hundreds more combinations can be made by the addition of a variety of essential oils and plant or fruit extracts.
If you love the beauty industry and have always dreamed of creating your own cosmetics company, don't delay -- it's fun, rewarding, prestigious and highly profitable.

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Banks Are Not the Only Source For Financing

This credit crisis has gotten everybody up in arms. It's caused banks to scale back significantly on who they loan to. In fact, the bailout money that banks received from the government was used to shore up the balance sheets of the banks instead of lending it to businesses. But it is not entirely the banks' fault. Businesses are afraid to expand or hire because they don't know what the government is going to do with respect to health care or other programs that could squeeze profits.
This causes a dilemma because businesses still have their operations to fund. Getting a bank loan has become a difficult proposition. There is a method of finance that is actually quite old but has become out of favor since credit had been easy to get (pre crisis). It is the ability for a business to get financing from its own accounts receivable. This sounds a little odd but it is both valid and legal. The concept is called factoring.

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As a part of doing business, many companies will extend credit to their customers. Receivables can be great from the perspective of getting sales but they leave the company in a bind. Receivables are often for thirty days out but the company needs to have cash to pay for operations today, tomorrow, and the next day, and everyday thereafter. That thirty day period puts the company in a cash shortage situation. When times were good, the company would contact a bank and ask for a short term loan. When credit was flowing banks were all to eager to provide this financing. Today though, credit is not so easy to come by, at least not from a bank.
So a factor can come to the rescue by advancing the company the face value of the receivable minus the fee that the factor would charge. This is often a win-win because the factor makes money through the fee and the company has access to the much needed cash. Unlike a bank the factor becomes the collection agent for the company and as such has his or her hand involved with the operations of the business. This is advantageous because the company can forgo the hiring of a credit department to handle this aspect of the business.
Now this is a very simplistic description of factoring. The factor will do credit checks on the customers of the client and there are other procedures that will need to take place. But when compared to getting a loan from a bank, the steps are usually much easier and faster access to cash is possible. What's great is if new sales are generated during this period those receivables can be factored as well.
When a business takes a loan from a bank, that generates a liability on the business' books. With factoring however, the receivable is an already an asset and there is no loan being generated. The factor is simply exchanging one asset (cash) for another (the invoice). So the financial position of the company isn't adversely affected because it took on more debt. Again, it's an exchange of assets.
Factoring is not for every company. In fact the fees are typically significantly higher than interest rates that banks would charge. But remember, a business would turn to a factor because it couldn't get financing from a bank. Further, the factor provides a service that would otherwise have to be handled by the company, i.e., collecting the money from the client's customer. In the end it can be a great arrangement.

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Romantic Chemistry Comes In Degrees

Romantic chemistry is not a matter of "love" or "no love." Romantic chemistry comes in DEGREES. Sometimes your romantic feeling for another person may be 70%, sometimes 95%, sometimes 40%. The same is true of another's romantic feeling for you. The degree of romantic chemistry has a lot to do with what happens in the relationship.
For instance, if your romantic chemistry for a particular person is 83% (borderline between good and very good), then you may have feelings of uncertainty and confusion. You wonder whether to settle for this relationship or hold out for another.
Understanding the dynamics of relationships with varying degrees of romantic chemistry is a critical step in finding good love.
The story of Tom and Mary, condensed from my book "Love Is Not A Game (But You Should Know the Odds)," illustrates the importance of measuring chemistry before marriage and also illustrates what happens when there is a chemistry imbalance.
Mary was intelligent, outgoing, beautiful. Tom knew her from the time they were kids; their families knew each other, they never dated anyone else. Mary and Tom dated for seven years before they got married. Tom was a young and promising corporate executive. Mary didn't really care for the corporate society scene, but there were other things more important in a relationship.
Tom was the adventurous type. One day he said, "Let's go skinny dipping after dark at the beach. It would be fun!" To which Mary replied, "You've got to be kidding! That's
disgusting! What if we got caught?" I should say Tom is both adventurous and romantic. He says, "Honey, we've had such a nice day together, and this fire in the fireplace is so cozy, let's do it right here. I want you right now." "Tom, don't be silly. The fire is beautiful, but it wouldn't be at all comfortable on the floor. We should go up to the bedroom."
Tom, of course, does not give up easily. "Let's go for a bicycle ride this afternoon." "But we don't have bicycles!" I've found a place that rents bikes." "Oh, that's such a hassle. And it's a waste of money to rent them."
Tom wanted to see the world and do things. He wanted to experience life. Mary wasn't motivated to do the things Tom wanted to do. She didn't feel the same chemistry for Tom as he felt for her. She fantasized about going out with other men. The marriage lasted three years but ended in divorce.

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Tom was very much in love with Mary. Mary, although she tried hard to make the relationship work, was only marginally in love with Tom. His feelings for her were very high (about 90%), but her feelings for him were only medium (perhaps 60%). There was chemistry but it was not in balance. Mary couldn't get what she really wanted (a deep feeling of connection) because she did not feel enough chemistry, and this made it relatively easy for her to leave.
To complicate things, neither of them was very emotionally mature (maybe 40%). This was a very typical relationship. Lacking any real understanding of love, they jumped at the popular fantasy of "let's play house together" and got married. It was doomed from the start by the large difference in chemistry, but they were not mature enough to understand this beforehand.
One can use percentages, as I have done above, to describe the degree of romantic chemistry and the degree of emotional maturity. The relationship between Tom and Mary can thus be described as a "90%-60%-40%-40%" relationship. However, using percentages is cumbersome and not very visual or fun. In the book "Love Is Not A Game (But You Should Know the Odds)" I have invented the concept of "Love Dice" to depict various relationship types. Red dice show romantic chemistry on a scale of one to six, and white dice show emotional maturity on a scale of one to six. The Love Dice make it very easy to describe the four key factors that determine the fate of any relationship (his and her romantic chemistry, his and her emotional maturity).
The key is to make an assessment of true romantic chemistry and emotional maturity before getting married. Doing this in advance will assure that you have an exciting and successful relationship.

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