Organic Chemistry Section

How to Score Well in the Organic Chemistry Section
The "Reasoning in Biological and Physical Sciences" section contains questions on Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Equal weightage is given to Biology and Chemistry as each of them comprise of 40% of GAMSAT Section III. Questions on Physical Sciences comprise of only 20% of this section. Thus, to get the qualifying marks in GAMSAT, aspirants not only have to answer the chemistry questions, but also have to answer them correctly.

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Organic chemistry, contrary to belief, is nothing to be scared of. If an aspirant studies the concepts carefully and applies them analytically to answer the questions, then nothing can prevent him from getting a good score in GAMSAT Chemistry section. The GAMSAT chemistry section consists of about 50% organic chemistry questions. So scoring well in this section will ensure qualifying marks in GAMSAT Section III.
But how much do you need to study to cross the GAMSAT hurdle? Well, as per the requirements of GAMSAT chemistry questions, you will need to have first year university level knowledge. The trick to score well in GAMSAT is that you may not study each and everything, but you should study intelligently. Now, what is intelligent studying? Intelligent study includes selection of most probable topics and practising them rigorously. Any kind of mugging of topics and books is useless in the case of GAMSAT, so simply avoid it.
A thorough knowledge of the following chapters is required to attempt the GAMSAT chemistry questions:
1. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds - You will have to be thorough with this chapter and have a clear understanding of the concepts involved in this chapter. You should be able to name all the simple organic compounds like the hydrocarbons, halogen derivatives, compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur and the aromatic compounds. You just need to know the basic and the simple organic compounds. For example, you should know the structure of ethyl amine, butanone or p-chloroaniline. You must be comfortable with nomenclature because it is an important component of all the GAMSAT chemistry questions based on Organic Chemistry. 2. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry and Reaction Mechanism - You need to know all about the basic concepts. You should have a detailed knowledge on the topics like electrophiles and nucleophiles, inductive effect, mesomeric effect and resonance effect. This chapter is integral to your understanding of all the other topics under Organic Chemistry.
3. Isomerism of Organic Compounds - Get a hang of the different the types of isomerism. Understand the spatial relationship well. 4. Hydrocarbons - Learn about alkane, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. All the information about their general properties and important chemical reactions must be at your finger tips. Give stress on the important physical properties of the hydrocarbons and the reactions of alkenes.
The GAMSAT Chemistry questions are nothing to be scared of. It's just that you have to practise a lot to get a hang of the basic concepts. Just relax and choose your questions carefully. Know your concepts, practice well, use your common sense and apply your knowledge on the final day.

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Forensic Science Careers

Medical examiner is one such field. He requires a medical degree therefore; a residency should be selected that provides a forensic emphasis. A chemistry or biology degree at the undergraduate level is a good majoring option. If at FSU, one takes the crime detection and investigation course as undergraduate electives, one would not have an opportunity for this course at medical school. The forensic odontologist has similar educational requirements as the medical examiner except in dentistry wherein, they generally are dentists who practice as consultants rather than as full-time forensic scientists.

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Crime Laboratory Analyst - The microanalysis section provides the most variety but currently it is being phased out or scaled down in most crime laboratories. The crime laboratory usually requires a bachelor's degree in a natural science for any of the specialties, though the best degree overall is chemistry. If one is interested in DNA testing, then biology with genetics and biochemistry is required. If one is interested in trace evidence examination, good electives for the chemistry degree include optical mineralogy, microbiology, botany and textile courses. Occasionally, evidence at the crime scene is encountered that requires other specialties, such as entomology, anthropology, zoology and botany. These areas may be adequate to obtain employment but do not generally fetch work exclusively in the specialty as not even a large laboratory receives enough evidence in those areas to fill an individual's time. One combination that would probably get one a job in a crime lab would be a major that contained sufficient background to do both forensic archeology and DNA on the samples recovered.
A forensic engineer has to deal with traffic accidents, fire investigations, and a variety of wrongful injury cases. One can earn that pay by the degree you obtain. A forensic engineer requires an engineering degree, with the usual specialties such as electrical engineering, mechanical, civil, materials engineering and traffic engineering. The crime scene examiner should have a bachelor's degree either in a natural science with emphasis in law enforcement and crime scene processing or a criminal justice degree with emphasis in natural science. Currently, some state agencies have such a requirement and most agencies soon will. Forensic archeology would be an excellent preparation. Another smart approach is to combine crime scene investigation and psychology for the job now known as psychological profiling. The psychologist, social scientist and statistician generally, are in the same academic setting and apply their respective specialties to an investigation or trial on a part-time basis.
Psychological profilers are however, becoming more involved with investigations on a full-time basis. Technical analysts usually are attached with an investigative unit and generally work in a laboratory-like environment but respond similarly to crime scene personnel. If one is interested in psychological profiling, there are agencies hiring who actually want an investigator/crime scene analyst/psychologist. Although the academic part could be accomplished with a major in psychology and a minor in criminology, it would be better accomplished with a psychology undergraduate degree and a criminology master's with electives in psychology. Electives at the undergraduate level should include crime scene processing and crime detection and investigation course as these are not available at the graduate level. The criminology emphasis should ideally be in law enforcement and forensic science.

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Cosmetic Chemistry

So, you want to be a cosmetics chemist? You want to join the cosmetic chemistry industry and formulate skincare, haircare, toiletries, body, bath and beauty products? Not if your main aim in wanting to be a cosmetic chemist is to start your own cosmetics business and join this multi-billion dollar industry.
The most common myth in the cosmetic chemistry industry is that you need an expensive university education to start a business in the field of cosmetics manufacture.

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This is the advice offered on one cosmetic chemistry related website: "Get a science degree. Unless you have a relative who started the company, you will need a college degree in science since most cosmetic firms require it. Preferred ones include degrees in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering.
"Consider getting an advanced degree. True, a 4-year college degree is all you need, but you can improve your chances of breaking into cosmetics by getting an advanced degree."
In truth, you do not need a relative who started the company or an advanced degree to break into the cosmetic manufacturing industry.
It's true that if you want to make cosmetic formulations from scratch, without any previous experience making cosmetics or access to recipes and manufacturing procedures, and you want to work for a big international cosmetics company, you will need formal cosmetic chemistry qualifications.
But if your main aim is to start your own cosmetics business (and make much more money than any cosmetic manufacturing company will ever pay you), you don't need to step foot in any academic establishment, spend a minimum of three or four years studying, or spend tens of thousands of dollars in tuition fees.
Making cosmetics for retail sale is extremely lucrative. A $50 retail skincare product usually costs between 10 cents and $3 to make.
If you purchase professionally formulated recipes, and you can follow a basic cooking recipe, you can manufacture your own range of skincare, haircare, mineral makeup, etc. If you then decide you want to become more involved, once you've had a little practice and gain confidence you will easily be able to adapt these cosmetic chemistry formulations to create your own unique formulas - without the need for any degrees in cosmetic chemistry.
Cosmetic chemistry formulations include:
Shampoos and Conditioners for different hair types
Hairstyling Products -- gels, sprays
Makeup -- foundations, mineral formulas, lip colors, eyeliner, mascara, nail polish
Skincare -- cleansers, toners, moisturizers, acne preparations, anti-aging preparations
Sunscreens -- UV protection and self-tanning lotions
Baby Care Products -- shampoo, baby bath and lotion
Men's Products -- shaving foam, aftershave
Hand Care -- hand cleansers, hand scrub, moisturizing creams
Body and Bath Products -- body butters and creams, shower gel, bath bombs
Toiletries -- handwashes, deodorants
There are literally hundreds of different products that a cosmetic chemist can make. From this, hundreds more combinations can be made by the addition of a variety of essential oils and plant or fruit extracts.
If you love the beauty industry and have always dreamed of creating your own cosmetics company, don't delay -- it's fun, rewarding, prestigious and highly profitable.

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Banks Are Not the Only Source For Financing

This credit crisis has gotten everybody up in arms. It's caused banks to scale back significantly on who they loan to. In fact, the bailout money that banks received from the government was used to shore up the balance sheets of the banks instead of lending it to businesses. But it is not entirely the banks' fault. Businesses are afraid to expand or hire because they don't know what the government is going to do with respect to health care or other programs that could squeeze profits.
This causes a dilemma because businesses still have their operations to fund. Getting a bank loan has become a difficult proposition. There is a method of finance that is actually quite old but has become out of favor since credit had been easy to get (pre crisis). It is the ability for a business to get financing from its own accounts receivable. This sounds a little odd but it is both valid and legal. The concept is called factoring.

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As a part of doing business, many companies will extend credit to their customers. Receivables can be great from the perspective of getting sales but they leave the company in a bind. Receivables are often for thirty days out but the company needs to have cash to pay for operations today, tomorrow, and the next day, and everyday thereafter. That thirty day period puts the company in a cash shortage situation. When times were good, the company would contact a bank and ask for a short term loan. When credit was flowing banks were all to eager to provide this financing. Today though, credit is not so easy to come by, at least not from a bank.
So a factor can come to the rescue by advancing the company the face value of the receivable minus the fee that the factor would charge. This is often a win-win because the factor makes money through the fee and the company has access to the much needed cash. Unlike a bank the factor becomes the collection agent for the company and as such has his or her hand involved with the operations of the business. This is advantageous because the company can forgo the hiring of a credit department to handle this aspect of the business.
Now this is a very simplistic description of factoring. The factor will do credit checks on the customers of the client and there are other procedures that will need to take place. But when compared to getting a loan from a bank, the steps are usually much easier and faster access to cash is possible. What's great is if new sales are generated during this period those receivables can be factored as well.
When a business takes a loan from a bank, that generates a liability on the business' books. With factoring however, the receivable is an already an asset and there is no loan being generated. The factor is simply exchanging one asset (cash) for another (the invoice). So the financial position of the company isn't adversely affected because it took on more debt. Again, it's an exchange of assets.
Factoring is not for every company. In fact the fees are typically significantly higher than interest rates that banks would charge. But remember, a business would turn to a factor because it couldn't get financing from a bank. Further, the factor provides a service that would otherwise have to be handled by the company, i.e., collecting the money from the client's customer. In the end it can be a great arrangement.

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Romantic Chemistry Comes In Degrees

Romantic chemistry is not a matter of "love" or "no love." Romantic chemistry comes in DEGREES. Sometimes your romantic feeling for another person may be 70%, sometimes 95%, sometimes 40%. The same is true of another's romantic feeling for you. The degree of romantic chemistry has a lot to do with what happens in the relationship.
For instance, if your romantic chemistry for a particular person is 83% (borderline between good and very good), then you may have feelings of uncertainty and confusion. You wonder whether to settle for this relationship or hold out for another.
Understanding the dynamics of relationships with varying degrees of romantic chemistry is a critical step in finding good love.
The story of Tom and Mary, condensed from my book "Love Is Not A Game (But You Should Know the Odds)," illustrates the importance of measuring chemistry before marriage and also illustrates what happens when there is a chemistry imbalance.
Mary was intelligent, outgoing, beautiful. Tom knew her from the time they were kids; their families knew each other, they never dated anyone else. Mary and Tom dated for seven years before they got married. Tom was a young and promising corporate executive. Mary didn't really care for the corporate society scene, but there were other things more important in a relationship.
Tom was the adventurous type. One day he said, "Let's go skinny dipping after dark at the beach. It would be fun!" To which Mary replied, "You've got to be kidding! That's
disgusting! What if we got caught?" I should say Tom is both adventurous and romantic. He says, "Honey, we've had such a nice day together, and this fire in the fireplace is so cozy, let's do it right here. I want you right now." "Tom, don't be silly. The fire is beautiful, but it wouldn't be at all comfortable on the floor. We should go up to the bedroom."
Tom, of course, does not give up easily. "Let's go for a bicycle ride this afternoon." "But we don't have bicycles!" I've found a place that rents bikes." "Oh, that's such a hassle. And it's a waste of money to rent them."
Tom wanted to see the world and do things. He wanted to experience life. Mary wasn't motivated to do the things Tom wanted to do. She didn't feel the same chemistry for Tom as he felt for her. She fantasized about going out with other men. The marriage lasted three years but ended in divorce.

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Tom was very much in love with Mary. Mary, although she tried hard to make the relationship work, was only marginally in love with Tom. His feelings for her were very high (about 90%), but her feelings for him were only medium (perhaps 60%). There was chemistry but it was not in balance. Mary couldn't get what she really wanted (a deep feeling of connection) because she did not feel enough chemistry, and this made it relatively easy for her to leave.
To complicate things, neither of them was very emotionally mature (maybe 40%). This was a very typical relationship. Lacking any real understanding of love, they jumped at the popular fantasy of "let's play house together" and got married. It was doomed from the start by the large difference in chemistry, but they were not mature enough to understand this beforehand.
One can use percentages, as I have done above, to describe the degree of romantic chemistry and the degree of emotional maturity. The relationship between Tom and Mary can thus be described as a "90%-60%-40%-40%" relationship. However, using percentages is cumbersome and not very visual or fun. In the book "Love Is Not A Game (But You Should Know the Odds)" I have invented the concept of "Love Dice" to depict various relationship types. Red dice show romantic chemistry on a scale of one to six, and white dice show emotional maturity on a scale of one to six. The Love Dice make it very easy to describe the four key factors that determine the fate of any relationship (his and her romantic chemistry, his and her emotional maturity).
The key is to make an assessment of true romantic chemistry and emotional maturity before getting married. Doing this in advance will assure that you have an exciting and successful relationship.

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